Open Access Publications
From research on the visual systems of turtles, to the perception of faces with or without makeup, to transaccadic perception and perceptual cycles in the brain– VPixx hardware and software solutions have supported research in vision science and beyond for over 20 years. We are immensely proud of the discoveries and accomplishments of our customers across the world.
On this page you will find a non-exhaustive list of peer-reviewed, open access publications citing VPixx tools dating back to 2003. Browse the list or use the tag filter to search for specific products. Note that we report the device used in the paper according to the authors; this may not accurately reflect the specific model of device used (e.g., VIEWPixx vs. VIEWPixx /3D). Nor do we guarantee the accuracy of published content. Please contact our team at [email protected] if you have any questions about a specific paper.
Curious about a specific application of our tools? Can’t find what you are looking for? Our staff scientists are happy to discuss paradigms and protocols using our equipment by email or video chat. Please contact us with your questions.
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Use the search tool below to search for specific terms among the titles, authors and abstracts in our library.
181.
Hibbard, Paul B.; Haines, Alice E.; Hornsey, Rebecca L.
Magnitude, precision, and realism of depth perception in stereoscopic vision Journal Article
In: Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, vol. 2, pp. 25, 2017, ISSN: 2365-7464.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPixx, RESPONSEPixx, VIEWPixx3D
@article{hibbard_magnitude_2017,
title = {Magnitude, precision, and realism of depth perception in stereoscopic vision},
author = {Paul B. Hibbard and Alice E. Haines and Rebecca L. Hornsey},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442194/},
doi = {10.1186/s41235-017-0062-7},
issn = {2365-7464},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-05-01},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
journal = {Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications},
volume = {2},
pages = {25},
abstract = {Our perception of depth is substantially enhanced by the fact that we have binocular vision. This provides us with more precise and accurate estimates of depth and an improved qualitative appreciation of the three-dimensional (3D) shapes and positions of objects. We assessed the link between these quantitative and qualitative aspects of 3D vision. Specifically, we wished to determine whether the realism of apparent depth from binocular cues is associated with the magnitude or precision of perceived depth and the degree of binocular fusion. We presented participants with stereograms containing randomly positioned circles and measured how the magnitude, realism, and precision of depth perception varied with the size of the disparities presented. We found that as the size of the disparity increased, the magnitude of perceived depth increased, while the precision with which observers could make depth discrimination judgments decreased. Beyond an initial increase, depth realism decreased with increasing disparity magnitude. This decrease occurred well below the disparity limit required to ensure comfortable viewing.},
keywords = {3DPixx, RESPONSEPixx, VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Our perception of depth is substantially enhanced by the fact that we have binocular vision. This provides us with more precise and accurate estimates of depth and an improved qualitative appreciation of the three-dimensional (3D) shapes and positions of objects. We assessed the link between these quantitative and qualitative aspects of 3D vision. Specifically, we wished to determine whether the realism of apparent depth from binocular cues is associated with the magnitude or precision of perceived depth and the degree of binocular fusion. We presented participants with stereograms containing randomly positioned circles and measured how the magnitude, realism, and precision of depth perception varied with the size of the disparities presented. We found that as the size of the disparity increased, the magnitude of perceived depth increased, while the precision with which observers could make depth discrimination judgments decreased. Beyond an initial increase, depth realism decreased with increasing disparity magnitude. This decrease occurred well below the disparity limit required to ensure comfortable viewing.
182.
Alais, David; Leung, Johahn; der Burg, Erik Van
Linear Summation of Repulsive and Attractive Serial Dependencies: Orientation and Motion Dependencies Sum in Motion Perception Journal Article
In: Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 4381–4390, 2017, ISSN: 0270-6474, 1529-2401, (Publisher: Society for Neuroscience Section: Research Articles).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DATAPixx2, PROPixx
@article{alais_linear_2017,
title = {Linear Summation of Repulsive and Attractive Serial Dependencies: Orientation and Motion Dependencies Sum in Motion Perception},
author = {David Alais and Johahn Leung and Erik Van der Burg},
url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/37/16/4381},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4601-15.2017},
issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-04-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {37},
number = {16},
pages = {4381–4390},
abstract = {Recent work from several groups has shown that perception of various visual attributes in human observers at a given moment is biased toward what was recently seen. This positive serial dependency is a kind of temporal averaging that exploits short-term correlations in visual scenes to reduce noise and stabilize perception. To date, this stabilizing “continuity field” has been demonstrated on stable visual attributes such as orientation and face identity, yet it would be counterproductive to apply it to dynamic attributes in which change sensitivity is needed. Here, we tested this using motion direction discrimination and predict a negative perceptual dependency: a contrastive relationship that enhances sensitivity to change. Surprisingly, our data showed a cubic-like pattern of dependencies with positive and negative components. By interleaving various stimulus combinations, we separated the components and isolated a positive perceptual dependency for motion and a negative dependency for orientation. A weighted linear sum of the separate dependencies described the original cubic pattern well. The positive dependency for motion shows an integrative perceptual effect and was unexpected, although it is consistent with work on motion priming. These findings suggest that a perception-stabilizing continuity field occurs pervasively, occurring even when it obscures sensitivity to dynamic stimuli.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent studies show that visual perception at a given moment is not entirely veridical, but rather biased toward recently seen stimuli: a positive serial dependency. This temporal smoothing process helps perceptual continuity by preserving stable aspects of the visual scene over time, yet, for dynamic stimuli, temporal smoothing would blur dynamics and reduce sensitivity to change. We tested whether this process is selective for stable attributes by examining dependencies in motion perception. We found a clear positive dependency for motion, suggesting that positive perceptual dependencies are pervasive. We also found a concurrent negative (contrastive) dependency for orientation. Both dependencies combined linearly to determine perception, showing that the brain can calculate contrastive and integrative dependencies simultaneously from recent stimulus history when making perceptual decisions.},
note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Research Articles},
keywords = {DATAPixx2, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Recent work from several groups has shown that perception of various visual attributes in human observers at a given moment is biased toward what was recently seen. This positive serial dependency is a kind of temporal averaging that exploits short-term correlations in visual scenes to reduce noise and stabilize perception. To date, this stabilizing “continuity field” has been demonstrated on stable visual attributes such as orientation and face identity, yet it would be counterproductive to apply it to dynamic attributes in which change sensitivity is needed. Here, we tested this using motion direction discrimination and predict a negative perceptual dependency: a contrastive relationship that enhances sensitivity to change. Surprisingly, our data showed a cubic-like pattern of dependencies with positive and negative components. By interleaving various stimulus combinations, we separated the components and isolated a positive perceptual dependency for motion and a negative dependency for orientation. A weighted linear sum of the separate dependencies described the original cubic pattern well. The positive dependency for motion shows an integrative perceptual effect and was unexpected, although it is consistent with work on motion priming. These findings suggest that a perception-stabilizing continuity field occurs pervasively, occurring even when it obscures sensitivity to dynamic stimuli.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent studies show that visual perception at a given moment is not entirely veridical, but rather biased toward recently seen stimuli: a positive serial dependency. This temporal smoothing process helps perceptual continuity by preserving stable aspects of the visual scene over time, yet, for dynamic stimuli, temporal smoothing would blur dynamics and reduce sensitivity to change. We tested whether this process is selective for stable attributes by examining dependencies in motion perception. We found a clear positive dependency for motion, suggesting that positive perceptual dependencies are pervasive. We also found a concurrent negative (contrastive) dependency for orientation. Both dependencies combined linearly to determine perception, showing that the brain can calculate contrastive and integrative dependencies simultaneously from recent stimulus history when making perceptual decisions.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent studies show that visual perception at a given moment is not entirely veridical, but rather biased toward recently seen stimuli: a positive serial dependency. This temporal smoothing process helps perceptual continuity by preserving stable aspects of the visual scene over time, yet, for dynamic stimuli, temporal smoothing would blur dynamics and reduce sensitivity to change. We tested whether this process is selective for stable attributes by examining dependencies in motion perception. We found a clear positive dependency for motion, suggesting that positive perceptual dependencies are pervasive. We also found a concurrent negative (contrastive) dependency for orientation. Both dependencies combined linearly to determine perception, showing that the brain can calculate contrastive and integrative dependencies simultaneously from recent stimulus history when making perceptual decisions.
183.
Schomaker, Judith; Walper, Daniel; Wittmann, Bianca C.; Einhäuser, Wolfgang
Attention in natural scenes: Affective-motivational factors guide gaze independently of visual salience Journal Article
In: Vision Research, vol. 133, pp. 161–175, 2017, ISSN: 0042-6989.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx3D
@article{schomaker_attention_2017,
title = {Attention in natural scenes: Affective-motivational factors guide gaze independently of visual salience},
author = {Judith Schomaker and Daniel Walper and Bianca C. Wittmann and Wolfgang Einhäuser},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698917300330},
doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2017.02.003},
issn = {0042-6989},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-04-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Vision Research},
volume = {133},
pages = {161–175},
abstract = {In addition to low-level stimulus characteristics and current goals, our previous experience with stimuli can also guide attentional deployment. It remains unclear, however, if such effects act independently or whether they interact in guiding attention. In the current study, we presented natural scenes including every-day objects that differed in affective-motivational impact. In the first free-viewing experiment, we presented visually-matched triads of scenes in which one critical object was replaced that varied mainly in terms of motivational value, but also in terms of valence and arousal, as confirmed by ratings by a large set of observers. Treating motivation as a categorical factor, we found that it affected gaze. A linear-effect model showed that arousal, valence, and motivation predicted fixations above and beyond visual characteristics, like object size, eccentricity, or visual salience. In a second experiment, we experimentally investigated whether the effects of emotion and motivation could be modulated by visual salience. In a medium-salience condition, we presented the same unmodified scenes as in the first experiment. In a high-salience condition, we retained the saturation of the critical object in the scene, and decreased the saturation of the background, and in a low-salience condition, we desaturated the critical object while retaining the original saturation of the background. We found that highly salient objects guided gaze, but still found additional additive effects of arousal, valence and motivation, confirming that higher-level factors can also guide attention, as measured by fixations towards objects in natural scenes.},
keywords = {VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In addition to low-level stimulus characteristics and current goals, our previous experience with stimuli can also guide attentional deployment. It remains unclear, however, if such effects act independently or whether they interact in guiding attention. In the current study, we presented natural scenes including every-day objects that differed in affective-motivational impact. In the first free-viewing experiment, we presented visually-matched triads of scenes in which one critical object was replaced that varied mainly in terms of motivational value, but also in terms of valence and arousal, as confirmed by ratings by a large set of observers. Treating motivation as a categorical factor, we found that it affected gaze. A linear-effect model showed that arousal, valence, and motivation predicted fixations above and beyond visual characteristics, like object size, eccentricity, or visual salience. In a second experiment, we experimentally investigated whether the effects of emotion and motivation could be modulated by visual salience. In a medium-salience condition, we presented the same unmodified scenes as in the first experiment. In a high-salience condition, we retained the saturation of the critical object in the scene, and decreased the saturation of the background, and in a low-salience condition, we desaturated the critical object while retaining the original saturation of the background. We found that highly salient objects guided gaze, but still found additional additive effects of arousal, valence and motivation, confirming that higher-level factors can also guide attention, as measured by fixations towards objects in natural scenes.
184.
Herman, James P.; Krauzlis, Richard J.
Color-Change Detection Activity in the Primate Superior Colliculus Journal Article
In: eNeuro, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. ENEURO.0046–17.2017, 2017, ISSN: 2373-2822.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx
@article{herman_color-change_2017,
title = {Color-Change Detection Activity in the Primate Superior Colliculus},
author = {James P. Herman and Richard J. Krauzlis},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388837/},
doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0046-17.2017},
issn = {2373-2822},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-04-01},
urldate = {2023-12-22},
journal = {eNeuro},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {ENEURO.0046–17.2017},
abstract = {The primate superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that participates in the control of spatial attention. Previous studies examining the role of the SC in attention have mostly used luminance-based visual features (e.g., motion, contrast) as the stimuli and saccadic eye movements as the behavioral response, both of which are known to modulate the activity of SC neurons. To explore the limits of the SC’s involvement in the control of spatial attention, we recorded SC neuronal activity during a task using color, a visual feature dimension not traditionally associated with the SC, and required monkeys to detect threshold-level changes in the saturation of a cued stimulus by releasing a joystick during maintained fixation. Using this color-based spatial attention task, we found substantial cue-related modulation in all categories of visually responsive neurons in the intermediate layers of the SC. Notably, near-threshold changes in color saturation, both increases and decreases, evoked phasic bursts of activity with magnitudes as large as those evoked by stimulus onset. This change-detection activity had two distinctive features: activity for hits was larger than for misses, and the timing of change-detection activity accounted for 67% of joystick release latency, even though it preceded the release by at least 200 ms. We conclude that during attention tasks, SC activity denotes the behavioral relevance of the stimulus regardless of feature dimension and that phasic event-related SC activity is suitable to guide the selection of manual responses as well as saccadic eye movements.},
keywords = {VIEWPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The primate superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that participates in the control of spatial attention. Previous studies examining the role of the SC in attention have mostly used luminance-based visual features (e.g., motion, contrast) as the stimuli and saccadic eye movements as the behavioral response, both of which are known to modulate the activity of SC neurons. To explore the limits of the SC’s involvement in the control of spatial attention, we recorded SC neuronal activity during a task using color, a visual feature dimension not traditionally associated with the SC, and required monkeys to detect threshold-level changes in the saturation of a cued stimulus by releasing a joystick during maintained fixation. Using this color-based spatial attention task, we found substantial cue-related modulation in all categories of visually responsive neurons in the intermediate layers of the SC. Notably, near-threshold changes in color saturation, both increases and decreases, evoked phasic bursts of activity with magnitudes as large as those evoked by stimulus onset. This change-detection activity had two distinctive features: activity for hits was larger than for misses, and the timing of change-detection activity accounted for 67% of joystick release latency, even though it preceded the release by at least 200 ms. We conclude that during attention tasks, SC activity denotes the behavioral relevance of the stimulus regardless of feature dimension and that phasic event-related SC activity is suitable to guide the selection of manual responses as well as saccadic eye movements.
185.
Wallis, Thomas S. A.; Tobias, Saskia; Bethge, Matthias; Wichmann, Felix A.
Detecting distortions of peripherally presented letter stimuli under crowded conditions Journal Article
In: Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 850–862, 2017, ISSN: 1943-393X.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: RESPONSEPixx, VIEWPixx
@article{a_wallis_detecting_2017,
title = {Detecting distortions of peripherally presented letter stimuli under crowded conditions},
author = {Thomas S. A. Wallis and Saskia Tobias and Matthias Bethge and Felix A. Wichmann},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1245-x},
doi = {10.3758/s13414-016-1245-x},
issn = {1943-393X},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-04-01},
urldate = {2024-01-02},
journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics},
volume = {79},
number = {3},
pages = {850–862},
abstract = {When visual features in the periphery are close together they become difficult to recognize: something is present but it is unclear what. This is called “crowding”. Here we investigated sensitivity to features in highly familiar shapes (letters) by applying spatial distortions. In Experiment 1, observers detected which of four peripherally presented (8 deg of retinal eccentricity) target letters was distorted (spatial 4AFC). The letters were presented either isolated or surrounded by four undistorted flanking letters, and distorted with one of two types of distortion at a range of distortion frequencies and amplitudes. The bandpass noise distortion (“BPN”) technique causes spatial distortions in Cartesian space, whereas radial frequency distortion (“RF”) causes shifts in polar coordinates. Detecting distortions in target letters was more difficult in the presence of flanking letters, consistent with the effect of crowding. The BPN distortion type showed evidence of tuning, with sensitivity to distortions peaking at approximately 6.5 c/deg for unflanked letters. The presence of flanking letters causes this peak to rise to approximately 8.5 c/deg. In contrast to the tuning observed for BPN distortions, RF distortion sensitivity increased as the radial frequency of distortion increased. In a series of follow-up experiments, we found that sensitivity to distortions is reduced when flanking letters were also distorted, that this held when observers were required to report which target letter was undistorted, and that this held when flanker distortions were always detectable. The perception of geometric distortions in letter stimuli is impaired by visual crowding.},
keywords = {RESPONSEPixx, VIEWPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
When visual features in the periphery are close together they become difficult to recognize: something is present but it is unclear what. This is called “crowding”. Here we investigated sensitivity to features in highly familiar shapes (letters) by applying spatial distortions. In Experiment 1, observers detected which of four peripherally presented (8 deg of retinal eccentricity) target letters was distorted (spatial 4AFC). The letters were presented either isolated or surrounded by four undistorted flanking letters, and distorted with one of two types of distortion at a range of distortion frequencies and amplitudes. The bandpass noise distortion (“BPN”) technique causes spatial distortions in Cartesian space, whereas radial frequency distortion (“RF”) causes shifts in polar coordinates. Detecting distortions in target letters was more difficult in the presence of flanking letters, consistent with the effect of crowding. The BPN distortion type showed evidence of tuning, with sensitivity to distortions peaking at approximately 6.5 c/deg for unflanked letters. The presence of flanking letters causes this peak to rise to approximately 8.5 c/deg. In contrast to the tuning observed for BPN distortions, RF distortion sensitivity increased as the radial frequency of distortion increased. In a series of follow-up experiments, we found that sensitivity to distortions is reduced when flanking letters were also distorted, that this held when observers were required to report which target letter was undistorted, and that this held when flanker distortions were always detectable. The perception of geometric distortions in letter stimuli is impaired by visual crowding.
186.
Aguilar, Carlos; Castet, Eric
Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people Journal Article
In: PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. e0174910, 2017, ISSN: 1932-6203, (Publisher: Public Library of Science).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: RESPONSEPixx
@article{aguilar_evaluation_2017,
title = {Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people},
author = {Carlos Aguilar and Eric Castet},
url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0174910},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0174910},
issn = {1932-6203},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-04-01},
urldate = {2024-01-03},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {e0174910},
abstract = {People with low vision, especially those with Central Field Loss (CFL), need magnification to read. The flexibility of Electronic Vision Enhancement Systems (EVES) offers several ways of magnifying text. Due to the restricted field of view of EVES, the need for magnification is conflicting with the need to navigate through text (panning). We have developed and implemented a real-time gaze-controlled system whose goal is to optimize the possibility of magnifying a portion of text while maintaining global viewing of the other portions of the text (condition 1). Two other conditions were implemented that mimicked commercially available advanced systems known as CCTV (closed-circuit television systems)—conditions 2 and 3. In these two conditions, magnification was uniformly applied to the whole text without any possibility to specifically select a region of interest. The three conditions were implemented on the same computer to remove differences that might have been induced by dissimilar equipment. A gaze-contingent artificial 10° scotoma (a mask continuously displayed in real time on the screen at the gaze location) was used in the three conditions in order to simulate macular degeneration. Ten healthy subjects with a gaze-contingent scotoma read aloud sentences from a French newspaper in nine experimental one-hour sessions. Reading speed was measured and constituted the main dependent variable to compare the three conditions. All subjects were able to use condition 1 and they found it slightly more comfortable to use than condition 2 (and similar to condition 3). Importantly, reading speed results did not show any significant difference between the three systems. In addition, learning curves were similar in the three conditions. This proof of concept study suggests that the principles underlying the gaze-controlled enhanced system might be further developed and fruitfully incorporated in different kinds of EVES for low vision reading.},
note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
keywords = {RESPONSEPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
People with low vision, especially those with Central Field Loss (CFL), need magnification to read. The flexibility of Electronic Vision Enhancement Systems (EVES) offers several ways of magnifying text. Due to the restricted field of view of EVES, the need for magnification is conflicting with the need to navigate through text (panning). We have developed and implemented a real-time gaze-controlled system whose goal is to optimize the possibility of magnifying a portion of text while maintaining global viewing of the other portions of the text (condition 1). Two other conditions were implemented that mimicked commercially available advanced systems known as CCTV (closed-circuit television systems)—conditions 2 and 3. In these two conditions, magnification was uniformly applied to the whole text without any possibility to specifically select a region of interest. The three conditions were implemented on the same computer to remove differences that might have been induced by dissimilar equipment. A gaze-contingent artificial 10° scotoma (a mask continuously displayed in real time on the screen at the gaze location) was used in the three conditions in order to simulate macular degeneration. Ten healthy subjects with a gaze-contingent scotoma read aloud sentences from a French newspaper in nine experimental one-hour sessions. Reading speed was measured and constituted the main dependent variable to compare the three conditions. All subjects were able to use condition 1 and they found it slightly more comfortable to use than condition 2 (and similar to condition 3). Importantly, reading speed results did not show any significant difference between the three systems. In addition, learning curves were similar in the three conditions. This proof of concept study suggests that the principles underlying the gaze-controlled enhanced system might be further developed and fruitfully incorporated in different kinds of EVES for low vision reading.
187.
Wiebel, Christiane B.; Aguilar, Guillermo; Maertens, Marianne
Maximum likelihood difference scales represent perceptual magnitudes and predict appearance matches Journal Article
In: Journal of Vision, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1, 2017, ISSN: 1534-7362.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DATAPixx, RESPONSEPixx
@article{wiebel_maximum_2017,
title = {Maximum likelihood difference scales represent perceptual magnitudes and predict appearance matches},
author = {Christiane B. Wiebel and Guillermo Aguilar and Marianne Maertens},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1167/17.4.1},
doi = {10.1167/17.4.1},
issn = {1534-7362},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-04-01},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {1},
abstract = {One central problem in perception research is to understand how internal experiences are linked to physical variables. Most commonly, this relationship is measured using the method of adjustment, but this has two shortcomings: The perceptual scales that relate physical and perceptual variables are not measured directly, and the method often requires perceptual comparisons between viewing conditions. To overcome these problems, we measured perceptual scales of surface lightness using maximum likelihood difference scaling, asking observers only to compare the lightness of surfaces presented in the same context. Observers were lightness constant, and the perceptual scales qualitatively and quantitatively predicted perceptual matches obtained in a conventional adjustment experiment. Additionally, we show that a contrast-based model of lightness perception predicted 98% of the variance in the scaling and 88% in the matching data. We suggest that the predictive power was higher for scales because they are closer to the true variables of interest.},
keywords = {DATAPixx, RESPONSEPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
One central problem in perception research is to understand how internal experiences are linked to physical variables. Most commonly, this relationship is measured using the method of adjustment, but this has two shortcomings: The perceptual scales that relate physical and perceptual variables are not measured directly, and the method often requires perceptual comparisons between viewing conditions. To overcome these problems, we measured perceptual scales of surface lightness using maximum likelihood difference scaling, asking observers only to compare the lightness of surfaces presented in the same context. Observers were lightness constant, and the perceptual scales qualitatively and quantitatively predicted perceptual matches obtained in a conventional adjustment experiment. Additionally, we show that a contrast-based model of lightness perception predicted 98% of the variance in the scaling and 88% in the matching data. We suggest that the predictive power was higher for scales because they are closer to the true variables of interest.
188.
Schilling, Tim; Ohlendorf, Arne; Leube, Alexander; Wahl, Siegfried
TuebingenCSTest – a useful method to assess the contrast sensitivity function Journal Article
In: Biomedical Optics Express, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1477–1487, 2017, ISSN: 2156-7085, (Publisher: Optica Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx3D
@article{schilling_tuebingencstest_2017,
title = {TuebingenCSTest – a useful method to assess the contrast sensitivity function},
author = {Tim Schilling and Arne Ohlendorf and Alexander Leube and Siegfried Wahl},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/boe/abstract.cfm?uri=boe-8-3-1477},
doi = {10.1364/BOE.8.001477},
issn = {2156-7085},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-01},
urldate = {2024-01-18},
journal = {Biomedical Optics Express},
volume = {8},
number = {3},
pages = {1477–1487},
abstract = {Since contrast sensitivity (CS) relies on the accuracy of stimulus presentation, the reliability of the psychophysical procedure and observer’s attention, the measurement of the CS-function is critical and therefore, a useful threshold contrast measurement was developed. The Tuebingen Contrast Sensitivity Test (TueCST) includes an adaptive staircase procedure and a 16-bit gray-level resolution. In order to validate the CS measurements with the TueCST, measurements were compared with existing tests by inter-test repeatability, test-retest reliability and time. The novel design enables an accurate presentation of the spatial frequency and higher precision, inter-test repeatability and test-retest reliability compared to other existing tests.},
note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
keywords = {VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Since contrast sensitivity (CS) relies on the accuracy of stimulus presentation, the reliability of the psychophysical procedure and observer’s attention, the measurement of the CS-function is critical and therefore, a useful threshold contrast measurement was developed. The Tuebingen Contrast Sensitivity Test (TueCST) includes an adaptive staircase procedure and a 16-bit gray-level resolution. In order to validate the CS measurements with the TueCST, measurements were compared with existing tests by inter-test repeatability, test-retest reliability and time. The novel design enables an accurate presentation of the spatial frequency and higher precision, inter-test repeatability and test-retest reliability compared to other existing tests.
189.
Bittner, Jennifer L.; Schill, M. Trent; Mohd-Zaid, Fairul; Blaha, Leslie M.
The effect of multispectral image fusion enhancement on human efficiency Journal Article
In: Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19, 2017, ISSN: 2365-7464.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx3D
@article{bittner_effect_2017,
title = {The effect of multispectral image fusion enhancement on human efficiency},
author = {Jennifer L. Bittner and M. Trent Schill and Fairul Mohd-Zaid and Leslie M. Blaha},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-016-0045-0},
doi = {10.1186/s41235-016-0045-0},
issn = {2365-7464},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-01},
urldate = {2024-01-18},
journal = {Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {19},
abstract = {The visual system can be highly influenced by changes to visual presentation. Thus, numerous techniques have been developed to augment imagery in an attempt to improve human perception. The current paper examines the potential impact of one such enhancement, multispectral image fusion, where imagery captured in varying spectral bands (e.g., visible, thermal, night vision) is algorithmically combined to produce an output to strengthen visual perception. We employ ideal observer analysis over a series of experimental conditions to (1) establish a framework for testing the impact of image fusion over the varying aspects surrounding its implementation (e.g., stimulus content, task) and (2) examine the effectiveness of fusion on human information processing efficiency in a basic application. We used a set of rotated Landolt C images captured with a number of individual sensor cameras and combined across seven traditional fusion algorithms (e.g., Laplacian pyramid, principal component analysis, averaging) in a 1-of-8 orientation task. We found that, contrary to the idea of fused imagery always producing a greater impact on perception, single-band imagery can be just as influential. Additionally, efficiency data were shown to fluctuate based on sensor combination instead of fusion algorithm, suggesting the need for examining multiple factors to determine the success of image fusion. Our use of ideal observer analysis, a popular technique from the vision sciences, provides not only a standard for testing fusion in direct relation to the visual system but also allows for comparable examination of fusion across its associated problem space of application.},
keywords = {VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The visual system can be highly influenced by changes to visual presentation. Thus, numerous techniques have been developed to augment imagery in an attempt to improve human perception. The current paper examines the potential impact of one such enhancement, multispectral image fusion, where imagery captured in varying spectral bands (e.g., visible, thermal, night vision) is algorithmically combined to produce an output to strengthen visual perception. We employ ideal observer analysis over a series of experimental conditions to (1) establish a framework for testing the impact of image fusion over the varying aspects surrounding its implementation (e.g., stimulus content, task) and (2) examine the effectiveness of fusion on human information processing efficiency in a basic application. We used a set of rotated Landolt C images captured with a number of individual sensor cameras and combined across seven traditional fusion algorithms (e.g., Laplacian pyramid, principal component analysis, averaging) in a 1-of-8 orientation task. We found that, contrary to the idea of fused imagery always producing a greater impact on perception, single-band imagery can be just as influential. Additionally, efficiency data were shown to fluctuate based on sensor combination instead of fusion algorithm, suggesting the need for examining multiple factors to determine the success of image fusion. Our use of ideal observer analysis, a popular technique from the vision sciences, provides not only a standard for testing fusion in direct relation to the visual system but also allows for comparable examination of fusion across its associated problem space of application.
190.
Apthorp, Deborah; Griffiths, Scott; Alais, David; Cass, John
Adaptation-Induced Blindness Is Orientation-Tuned and Monocular Journal Article
In: i-Perception, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 2041669517698149, 2017, ISSN: 2041-6695.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx
@article{apthorp_adaptation-induced_2017,
title = {Adaptation-Induced Blindness Is Orientation-Tuned and Monocular},
author = {Deborah Apthorp and Scott Griffiths and David Alais and John Cass},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433556/},
doi = {10.1177/2041669517698149},
issn = {2041-6695},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {i-Perception},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {2041669517698149},
abstract = {We examined the recently discovered phenomenon of Adaptation-Induced Blindness (AIB), in which highly visible gratings with gradual onset profiles become invisible after exposure to a rapidly flickering grating, even at very high contrasts. Using very similar stimuli to those in the original AIB experiment, we replicated the original effect across multiple contrast levels, with observers at chance in detecting the gradual onset stimuli at all contrasts. Then, using full-contrast target stimuli with either abrupt or gradual onsets, we tested both the orientation tuning and interocular transfer of AIB. If, as the original authors suggested, AIB were a high-level (perhaps parietally mediated) effect resulting from the ‘gating’ of awareness, we would not expect the effects of AIB to be tuned to the adapting orientation, and the effect should transfer interocularly. Instead, we find that AIB (which was present only for the gradual onset target stimuli) is both tightly orientation-tuned and shows absolutely no interocular transfer, consistent with a very early cortical locus.},
keywords = {VIEWPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We examined the recently discovered phenomenon of Adaptation-Induced Blindness (AIB), in which highly visible gratings with gradual onset profiles become invisible after exposure to a rapidly flickering grating, even at very high contrasts. Using very similar stimuli to those in the original AIB experiment, we replicated the original effect across multiple contrast levels, with observers at chance in detecting the gradual onset stimuli at all contrasts. Then, using full-contrast target stimuli with either abrupt or gradual onsets, we tested both the orientation tuning and interocular transfer of AIB. If, as the original authors suggested, AIB were a high-level (perhaps parietally mediated) effect resulting from the ‘gating’ of awareness, we would not expect the effects of AIB to be tuned to the adapting orientation, and the effect should transfer interocularly. Instead, we find that AIB (which was present only for the gradual onset target stimuli) is both tightly orientation-tuned and shows absolutely no interocular transfer, consistent with a very early cortical locus.
191.
Tagai, Keiko; Shimakura, Hitomi; Isobe, Hiroko; Nittono, Hiroshi
The light-makeup advantage in facial processing: Evidence from event-related potentials Journal Article
In: PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. e0172489, 2017, ISSN: 1932-6203, (Publisher: Public Library of Science).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx
@article{tagai_light-makeup_2017,
title = {The light-makeup advantage in facial processing: Evidence from event-related potentials},
author = {Keiko Tagai and Hitomi Shimakura and Hiroko Isobe and Hiroshi Nittono},
url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172489},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0172489},
issn = {1932-6203},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-01},
urldate = {2024-01-18},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {e0172489},
abstract = {The effects of makeup on attractiveness have been evaluated using mainly subjective measures. In this study, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from a total of 45 Japanese women (n = 23 and n = 22 for Experiment 1 and 2, respectively) to examine the neural processing of faces with no makeup, light makeup, and heavy makeup. To have the participants look at each face carefully, an identity judgement task was used: they were asked to judge whether the two faces presented in succession were of the same person or not. The ERP waveforms in response to the first faces were analyzed. In two experiments with different stimulus probabilities, the amplitudes of N170 and vertex positive potential (VPP) were smaller for faces with light makeup than for faces with heavy makeup or no makeup. The P1 amplitude did not differ between facial types. In a subsequent rating phase, faces with light makeup were rated as more attractive than faces with heavy makeup and no makeup. The results suggest that the processing fluency of faces with light makeup is one of the reasons why light makeup is preferred to heavy makeup and no makeup in daily life.},
note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
keywords = {VIEWPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effects of makeup on attractiveness have been evaluated using mainly subjective measures. In this study, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from a total of 45 Japanese women (n = 23 and n = 22 for Experiment 1 and 2, respectively) to examine the neural processing of faces with no makeup, light makeup, and heavy makeup. To have the participants look at each face carefully, an identity judgement task was used: they were asked to judge whether the two faces presented in succession were of the same person or not. The ERP waveforms in response to the first faces were analyzed. In two experiments with different stimulus probabilities, the amplitudes of N170 and vertex positive potential (VPP) were smaller for faces with light makeup than for faces with heavy makeup or no makeup. The P1 amplitude did not differ between facial types. In a subsequent rating phase, faces with light makeup were rated as more attractive than faces with heavy makeup and no makeup. The results suggest that the processing fluency of faces with light makeup is one of the reasons why light makeup is preferred to heavy makeup and no makeup in daily life.
192.
Bussières, L.; Casanova, C.
Neural Processing of Second-Order Motion in the Suprasylvian Cortex of the Cat Journal Article
In: Cerebral Cortex, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1347–1357, 2017, ISSN: 1047-3211.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DATAPixx, VPixxProgram
@article{bussieres_neural_2017,
title = {Neural Processing of Second-Order Motion in the Suprasylvian Cortex of the Cat},
author = {L. Bussières and C. Casanova},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv320},
doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhv320},
issn = {1047-3211},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {1347–1357},
abstract = {Neuronal responses to second-order motion, that is, to spatiotemporal variations of texture or contrast, have been reported in several cortical areas of mammals, including the middle-temporal (MT) area in primates. In this study, we investigated whether second-order responses are present in the cat posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) cortex, a possible homolog of the primate area MT. The stimuli used were luminance-based sine-wave gratings (first-order) and contrast-modulated carrier stimuli (second-order), which consisted of a high-spatial-frequency static grating (carrier) whose contrast was modulated by a low-spatial-frequency drifting grating (envelope). Results indicate that most PMLS neurons responded to second-order motion and for the vast majority of cells, first- and second-order preferred directions were conserved. However, responses to second-order stimuli were significantly reduced when compared to those evoked by first-order gratings. Circular variance was increased for second-order stimuli, indicating that PMLS direction selectivity was weaker for this type of stimulus. Finally, carrier orientation selectivity was either absent or very broad and had no influence on the envelope's orientation selectivity. In conclusion, our data show that PMLS neurons exhibit similar first- and second-order response profiles and that, akin primate area MT cells, they perform a form-cue invariant analysis of motion signals.},
keywords = {DATAPixx, VPixxProgram},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Neuronal responses to second-order motion, that is, to spatiotemporal variations of texture or contrast, have been reported in several cortical areas of mammals, including the middle-temporal (MT) area in primates. In this study, we investigated whether second-order responses are present in the cat posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) cortex, a possible homolog of the primate area MT. The stimuli used were luminance-based sine-wave gratings (first-order) and contrast-modulated carrier stimuli (second-order), which consisted of a high-spatial-frequency static grating (carrier) whose contrast was modulated by a low-spatial-frequency drifting grating (envelope). Results indicate that most PMLS neurons responded to second-order motion and for the vast majority of cells, first- and second-order preferred directions were conserved. However, responses to second-order stimuli were significantly reduced when compared to those evoked by first-order gratings. Circular variance was increased for second-order stimuli, indicating that PMLS direction selectivity was weaker for this type of stimulus. Finally, carrier orientation selectivity was either absent or very broad and had no influence on the envelope's orientation selectivity. In conclusion, our data show that PMLS neurons exhibit similar first- and second-order response profiles and that, akin primate area MT cells, they perform a form-cue invariant analysis of motion signals.
193.
Silvestre, Daphné; Cavanagh, Patrick; Arleo, Angelo; Allard, Rémy
Adding temporally localized noise can enhance the contribution of target knowledge on contrast detection Journal Article
In: Journal of Vision, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 5, 2017, ISSN: 1534-7362.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixxEEG
@article{silvestre_adding_2017,
title = {Adding temporally localized noise can enhance the contribution of target knowledge on contrast detection},
author = {Daphné Silvestre and Patrick Cavanagh and Angelo Arleo and Rémy Allard},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1167/17.2.5},
doi = {10.1167/17.2.5},
issn = {1534-7362},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {5},
abstract = {External noise paradigms are widely used to characterize sensitivity by comparing the effect of a variable on contrast threshold when it is limited by internal versus external noise. A basic assumption of external noise paradigms is that the processing properties are the same in low and high noise. However, recent studies (e.g., Allard & Cavanagh, 2011; Allard & Faubert, 2014b) suggest that this assumption could be violated when using spatiotemporally localized noise (i.e., appearing simultaneously and at the same location as the target) but not when using spatiotemporally extended noise (i.e., continuously displayed, full-screen, dynamic noise). These previous findings may have been specific to the crowding and 0D noise paradigms that were used, so the purpose of the current study is to test if this violation of noise-invariant processing also occurs in a standard contrast detection task in white noise. The rationale of the current study is that local external noise triggers the use of recognition rather than detection and that a recognition process should be more affected by uncertainty about the shape of the target than one involving detection. To investigate the contribution of target knowledge on contrast detection, the effect of orientation uncertainty was evaluated for a contrast detection task in the absence of noise and in the presence of spatiotemporally localized or extended noise. A larger orientation uncertainty effect was observed with temporally localized noise than with temporally extended noise or with no external noise, indicating a change in the nature of the processing for temporally localized noise. We conclude that the use of temporally localized noise in external noise paradigms risks triggering a shift in process, invalidating the noise-invariant processing required for the paradigm. If, instead, temporally extended external noise is used to match the properties of internal noise, no such processing change occurs.},
keywords = {VIEWPixxEEG},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
External noise paradigms are widely used to characterize sensitivity by comparing the effect of a variable on contrast threshold when it is limited by internal versus external noise. A basic assumption of external noise paradigms is that the processing properties are the same in low and high noise. However, recent studies (e.g., Allard & Cavanagh, 2011; Allard & Faubert, 2014b) suggest that this assumption could be violated when using spatiotemporally localized noise (i.e., appearing simultaneously and at the same location as the target) but not when using spatiotemporally extended noise (i.e., continuously displayed, full-screen, dynamic noise). These previous findings may have been specific to the crowding and 0D noise paradigms that were used, so the purpose of the current study is to test if this violation of noise-invariant processing also occurs in a standard contrast detection task in white noise. The rationale of the current study is that local external noise triggers the use of recognition rather than detection and that a recognition process should be more affected by uncertainty about the shape of the target than one involving detection. To investigate the contribution of target knowledge on contrast detection, the effect of orientation uncertainty was evaluated for a contrast detection task in the absence of noise and in the presence of spatiotemporally localized or extended noise. A larger orientation uncertainty effect was observed with temporally localized noise than with temporally extended noise or with no external noise, indicating a change in the nature of the processing for temporally localized noise. We conclude that the use of temporally localized noise in external noise paradigms risks triggering a shift in process, invalidating the noise-invariant processing required for the paradigm. If, instead, temporally extended external noise is used to match the properties of internal noise, no such processing change occurs.
194.
Allard, Rémy; Arleo, Angelo
Reducing luminance intensity can improve motion perception in noise Journal Article
In: Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 43140, 2017, ISSN: 2045-2322, (Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx
@article{allard_reducing_2017,
title = {Reducing luminance intensity can improve motion perception in noise},
author = {Rémy Allard and Angelo Arleo},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep43140},
doi = {10.1038/srep43140},
issn = {2045-2322},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-01},
urldate = {2024-01-17},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {43140},
abstract = {Visual perception generally improves under brighter environments. For instance, motion sensitivity is known to improve with luminance intensity especially at high temporal frequencies. However, the current study counter-intuitively shows that increasing luminance intensity can impair motion sensitivity in noise. Motion sensitivity was measured with and without noise added to a drifting Gabor patch as a function of the temporal frequency and luminance intensity. As expected, motion sensitivity in absence of noise reached a ceiling performance at a relatively low luminance intensity (about 35 td) for low temporal frequencies and improved with luminance intensity up to the highest luminance intensity tested (353 td) for high temporal frequencies. In noise, reducing mean luminance intensity facilitated motion sensitivity (up to a factor of about 1.7) for temporal frequencies up to 7.5 Hz and impaired sensitivity at higher temporal frequencies (15 and 30 Hz). We conclude that reducing luminance intensity is effectively equivalent to applying a low-pass filter, which can improve motion sensitivity in noise to low and middle temporal frequencies. This counterintuitive facilitation effect can be explained by two known properties of the visual system: decreasing luminance intensity impairs the visibility of high temporal frequencies (equivalent to a low-pass filter) and motion detectors are broadly tuned.},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {VIEWPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Visual perception generally improves under brighter environments. For instance, motion sensitivity is known to improve with luminance intensity especially at high temporal frequencies. However, the current study counter-intuitively shows that increasing luminance intensity can impair motion sensitivity in noise. Motion sensitivity was measured with and without noise added to a drifting Gabor patch as a function of the temporal frequency and luminance intensity. As expected, motion sensitivity in absence of noise reached a ceiling performance at a relatively low luminance intensity (about 35 td) for low temporal frequencies and improved with luminance intensity up to the highest luminance intensity tested (353 td) for high temporal frequencies. In noise, reducing mean luminance intensity facilitated motion sensitivity (up to a factor of about 1.7) for temporal frequencies up to 7.5 Hz and impaired sensitivity at higher temporal frequencies (15 and 30 Hz). We conclude that reducing luminance intensity is effectively equivalent to applying a low-pass filter, which can improve motion sensitivity in noise to low and middle temporal frequencies. This counterintuitive facilitation effect can be explained by two known properties of the visual system: decreasing luminance intensity impairs the visibility of high temporal frequencies (equivalent to a low-pass filter) and motion detectors are broadly tuned.
195.
Higashi, Hiroshi; Minami, Tetsuto; Nakauchi, Shigeki
Variation in Event-Related Potentials by State Transitions Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 11, 2017, ISSN: 1662-5161.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixxEEG
@article{higashi_variation_2017,
title = {Variation in Event-Related Potentials by State Transitions},
author = {Hiroshi Higashi and Tetsuto Minami and Shigeki Nakauchi},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00075},
issn = {1662-5161},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2024-01-18},
journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
volume = {11},
abstract = {The probability of an event's occurrence affects event-related potentials (ERPs) on electroencephalograms. The relation between probability and potentials has been discussed by using a quantity called surprise that represents the self-information that humans receive from the event. Previous studies have estimated surprise based on the probability distribution in a stationary state. Our hypothesis is that state transitions also play an important role in the estimation of surprise. In this study, we compare the effects of surprise on the ERPs based on two models that generate an event sequence: a model of a stationary state and a model with state transitions. To compare these effects, we generate the event sequences with Markov chains to avoid a situation that the state transition probability converges with the stationary probability by the accumulation of the event observations. Our trial-by-trial model-based analysis showed that the stationary probability better explains the P3b component and the state transition probability better explains the P3a component. The effect on P3a suggests that the internal model, which is constantly and automatically generated by the human brain to estimate the probability distribution of the events, approximates the model with state transitions because Bayesian surprise, which represents the degree of updating of the internal model, is highly reflected in P3a. The global effect reflected in P3b, however, may not be related to the internal model because P3b depends on the stationary probability distribution. The results suggest that an internal model can represent state transitions and the global effect is generated by a different mechanism than the one for forming the internal model.},
keywords = {VIEWPixxEEG},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The probability of an event's occurrence affects event-related potentials (ERPs) on electroencephalograms. The relation between probability and potentials has been discussed by using a quantity called surprise that represents the self-information that humans receive from the event. Previous studies have estimated surprise based on the probability distribution in a stationary state. Our hypothesis is that state transitions also play an important role in the estimation of surprise. In this study, we compare the effects of surprise on the ERPs based on two models that generate an event sequence: a model of a stationary state and a model with state transitions. To compare these effects, we generate the event sequences with Markov chains to avoid a situation that the state transition probability converges with the stationary probability by the accumulation of the event observations. Our trial-by-trial model-based analysis showed that the stationary probability better explains the P3b component and the state transition probability better explains the P3a component. The effect on P3a suggests that the internal model, which is constantly and automatically generated by the human brain to estimate the probability distribution of the events, approximates the model with state transitions because Bayesian surprise, which represents the degree of updating of the internal model, is highly reflected in P3a. The global effect reflected in P3b, however, may not be related to the internal model because P3b depends on the stationary probability distribution. The results suggest that an internal model can represent state transitions and the global effect is generated by a different mechanism than the one for forming the internal model.
196.
Ebaid, Deena; Crewther, Sheila G.; MacCalman, Kirsty; Brown, Alyse; Crewther, Daniel P.
Cognitive Processing Speed across the Lifespan: Beyond the Influence of Motor Speed Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, vol. 9, 2017, ISSN: 1663-4365.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VPixxProgram
@article{ebaid_cognitive_2017,
title = {Cognitive Processing Speed across the Lifespan: Beyond the Influence of Motor Speed},
author = {Deena Ebaid and Sheila G. Crewther and Kirsty MacCalman and Alyse Brown and Daniel P. Crewther},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00062},
issn = {1663-4365},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience},
volume = {9},
abstract = {Traditional neuropsychological measurement of cognitive processing speed with tasks such as the Symbol Search and Coding subsets of the WAIS-IV, consistently show decline with advancing age. This is potentially problematic with populations where deficits in motor performance are expected, i.e., in aging or stroke populations. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of hand motor speed to traditional paper-and-pencil measures of processing speed and to a simple computer-customized non-motor perception decision task, the Inspection Time (IT) task. Participants were 67 young university students aged between 18 and 29 (59 females), and 40 older adults aged between 40 and 81 (31 females) primarily with a similar education profile. As expected, results indicated that age group differences were highly significant on the motor dexterity, Symbol Search and Coding tasks. However, no significant differences or correlations were seen between age groups and the simple visual perception IT task. Furthermore, controlling for motor dexterity did not remove significant age-group differences on the paper-and-pencil measures. This demonstrates that although much of past research into cognitive decline with age is confounded by use of motor reaction times as the operational measure, significant age differences in cognitive processing also exist on more complex tasks. The implications of the results are crucial in the realm of aging research, and caution against the use of traditional WAIS tasks with a clinical population where motor speed may be compromised, as in stroke.},
keywords = {VPixxProgram},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Traditional neuropsychological measurement of cognitive processing speed with tasks such as the Symbol Search and Coding subsets of the WAIS-IV, consistently show decline with advancing age. This is potentially problematic with populations where deficits in motor performance are expected, i.e., in aging or stroke populations. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of hand motor speed to traditional paper-and-pencil measures of processing speed and to a simple computer-customized non-motor perception decision task, the Inspection Time (IT) task. Participants were 67 young university students aged between 18 and 29 (59 females), and 40 older adults aged between 40 and 81 (31 females) primarily with a similar education profile. As expected, results indicated that age group differences were highly significant on the motor dexterity, Symbol Search and Coding tasks. However, no significant differences or correlations were seen between age groups and the simple visual perception IT task. Furthermore, controlling for motor dexterity did not remove significant age-group differences on the paper-and-pencil measures. This demonstrates that although much of past research into cognitive decline with age is confounded by use of motor reaction times as the operational measure, significant age differences in cognitive processing also exist on more complex tasks. The implications of the results are crucial in the realm of aging research, and caution against the use of traditional WAIS tasks with a clinical population where motor speed may be compromised, as in stroke.
197.
Majander, Anna; João, Catarina; Rider, Andrew T.; Henning, G. Bruce; Votruba, Marcela; Moore, Anthony T.; Yu-Wai-Man, Patrick; Stockman, Andrew
In: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 502–516, 2017, ISSN: 1552-5783.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DATAPixx
@article{majander_pattern_2017,
title = {The Pattern of Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in OPA1-Related Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy Inferred From Temporal, Spatial, and Chromatic Sensitivity Losses},
author = {Anna Majander and Catarina João and Andrew T. Rider and G. Bruce Henning and Marcela Votruba and Anthony T. Moore and Patrick Yu-Wai-Man and Andrew Stockman},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-20309},
doi = {10.1167/iovs.16-20309},
issn = {1552-5783},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2024-01-18},
journal = {Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
volume = {58},
number = {1},
pages = {502–516},
abstract = {Progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is the pathological hallmark of autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) caused by pathogenic OPA1 mutations. The aim of this study was to conduct an in-depth psychophysical study of the visual losses in DOA and to infer any selective vulnerability of visual pathways subserved by different RGC subtypes. We recruited 25 patients carrying pathogenic OPA1 mutations and age-matched healthy individuals. Spatial contrast sensitivity functions (SCSFs) and chromatic contrast sensitivity were quantified, the latter using the Cambridge Colour Test. In 11 patients, long (L) and short (S) wavelength–sensitive cone temporal acuities were measured as a function of target illuminance, and L-cone temporal contrast sensitivity (TCSF) as a function of temporal frequency. Spatial contrast sensitivity functions were abnormal, with the loss of sensitivity increasing with spatial frequency. Further, the highest L-cone temporal acuity fell on average by 10 Hz and the TCSFs by 0.66 log10 unit. Chromatic thresholds along the protan, deutan, and tritan axes were 8, 9, and 14 times higher than normal, respectively, with losses increasing with age and S-cone temporal acuity showing the most significant age-related decline. Losses of midget parvocellular, parasol magnocellular, and bistratified koniocellular RGCs could account for the losses of high spatial frequency sensitivity and protan and deutan sensitivities, high temporal frequency sensitivity, and S-cone temporal and tritan sensitivities, respectively. The S-cone–related losses showed a significant deterioration with increasing patient age and could therefore prove useful biomarkers of disease progression in DOA.},
keywords = {DATAPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is the pathological hallmark of autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) caused by pathogenic OPA1 mutations. The aim of this study was to conduct an in-depth psychophysical study of the visual losses in DOA and to infer any selective vulnerability of visual pathways subserved by different RGC subtypes. We recruited 25 patients carrying pathogenic OPA1 mutations and age-matched healthy individuals. Spatial contrast sensitivity functions (SCSFs) and chromatic contrast sensitivity were quantified, the latter using the Cambridge Colour Test. In 11 patients, long (L) and short (S) wavelength–sensitive cone temporal acuities were measured as a function of target illuminance, and L-cone temporal contrast sensitivity (TCSF) as a function of temporal frequency. Spatial contrast sensitivity functions were abnormal, with the loss of sensitivity increasing with spatial frequency. Further, the highest L-cone temporal acuity fell on average by 10 Hz and the TCSFs by 0.66 log10 unit. Chromatic thresholds along the protan, deutan, and tritan axes were 8, 9, and 14 times higher than normal, respectively, with losses increasing with age and S-cone temporal acuity showing the most significant age-related decline. Losses of midget parvocellular, parasol magnocellular, and bistratified koniocellular RGCs could account for the losses of high spatial frequency sensitivity and protan and deutan sensitivities, high temporal frequency sensitivity, and S-cone temporal and tritan sensitivities, respectively. The S-cone–related losses showed a significant deterioration with increasing patient age and could therefore prove useful biomarkers of disease progression in DOA.
198.
Low, Essie; Crewther, Sheila Gillard; Ong, Ben; Perre, Diana; Wijeratne, Tissa
Compromised Motor Dexterity Confounds Processing Speed Task Outcomes in Stroke Patients Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Neurology, vol. 8, 2017, ISSN: 1664-2295.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VPixxProgram
@article{low_compromised_2017,
title = {Compromised Motor Dexterity Confounds Processing Speed Task Outcomes in Stroke Patients},
author = {Essie Low and Sheila Gillard Crewther and Ben Ong and Diana Perre and Tissa Wijeratne},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00484},
issn = {1664-2295},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Frontiers in Neurology},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Most conventional measures of information processing speed require motor responses to facilitate performance. However, although not often addressed clinically, motor impairment, whether due to age or acquired brain injury, would be expected to confound the outcome measure of such tasks. The current study recruited 29 patients (20 stroke and 9 transient ischemic attack) with documented reduction in dexterity of the dominant hand, and 29 controls, to investigate the extent to which 3 commonly used processing speed measures with varying motor demands (a Visuo-Motor Reaction Time task, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Symbol Search and Coding subtests) may be measuring motor-related speed more so than cognitive speed. Analyses include correlations between indices of cognitive and motor speed obtained from two other tasks (Inspection Time and Pegboard task, respectively) with the three speed measures, followed by hierarchical regressions to determine the relative contribution of cognitive and motor speed indices toward task performance. Results revealed that speed outcomes on tasks with relatively high motor demands, such as Coding, were largely reflecting motor speed in individuals with reduced dominant hand dexterity. Thus, findings indicate the importance of employing measures with minimal motor requirements, especially when the assessment of speed is aimed at understanding cognitive rather than physical function.},
keywords = {VPixxProgram},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Most conventional measures of information processing speed require motor responses to facilitate performance. However, although not often addressed clinically, motor impairment, whether due to age or acquired brain injury, would be expected to confound the outcome measure of such tasks. The current study recruited 29 patients (20 stroke and 9 transient ischemic attack) with documented reduction in dexterity of the dominant hand, and 29 controls, to investigate the extent to which 3 commonly used processing speed measures with varying motor demands (a Visuo-Motor Reaction Time task, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Symbol Search and Coding subtests) may be measuring motor-related speed more so than cognitive speed. Analyses include correlations between indices of cognitive and motor speed obtained from two other tasks (Inspection Time and Pegboard task, respectively) with the three speed measures, followed by hierarchical regressions to determine the relative contribution of cognitive and motor speed indices toward task performance. Results revealed that speed outcomes on tasks with relatively high motor demands, such as Coding, were largely reflecting motor speed in individuals with reduced dominant hand dexterity. Thus, findings indicate the importance of employing measures with minimal motor requirements, especially when the assessment of speed is aimed at understanding cognitive rather than physical function.
199.
Barraza-Bernal, Maria J; Rifai, Katharina; Wahl, Siegfried
A preferred retinal location of fixation can be induced when systematic stimulus relocations are applied Journal Article
In: Journal of vision, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 11–11, 2017, (Publisher: The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology).
BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx3D
@article{barraza-bernal_preferred_2017,
title = {A preferred retinal location of fixation can be induced when systematic stimulus relocations are applied},
author = {Maria J Barraza-Bernal and Katharina Rifai and Siegfried Wahl},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of vision},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {11–11},
note = {Publisher: The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology},
keywords = {VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
200.
Habtegiorgis, Selam W.; Rifai, Katharina; Lappe, Markus; Wahl, Siegfried
Adaptation to Skew Distortions of Natural Scenes and Retinal Specificity of Its Aftereffects Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, 2017, ISSN: 1664-1078.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: VIEWPixx3D
@article{habtegiorgis_adaptation_2017,
title = {Adaptation to Skew Distortions of Natural Scenes and Retinal Specificity of Its Aftereffects},
author = {Selam W. Habtegiorgis and Katharina Rifai and Markus Lappe and Siegfried Wahl},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01158},
issn = {1664-1078},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Image skew is one of the prominent distortions that exist in optical elements, such as in spectacle lenses. The present study evaluates adaptation to image skew in dynamic natural images. Moreover, the cortical levels involved in skew coding were probed using retinal specificity of skew adaptation aftereffects. Left and right skewed natural image sequences were shown to observers as adapting stimuli. The point of subjective equality (PSE), i.e., the skew amplitude in simple geometrical patterns that is perceived to be unskewed, was used to quantify the aftereffect of each adapting skew direction. The PSE, in a two-alternative forced choice paradigm, shifted toward the adapting skew direction. Moreover, significant adaptation aftereffects were obtained not only at adapted, but also at non-adapted retinal locations during fixation. Skew adaptation information was transferred partially to non-adapted retinal locations. Thus, adaptation to skewed natural scenes induces coordinated plasticity in lower and higher cortical areas of the visual pathway.},
keywords = {VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Image skew is one of the prominent distortions that exist in optical elements, such as in spectacle lenses. The present study evaluates adaptation to image skew in dynamic natural images. Moreover, the cortical levels involved in skew coding were probed using retinal specificity of skew adaptation aftereffects. Left and right skewed natural image sequences were shown to observers as adapting stimuli. The point of subjective equality (PSE), i.e., the skew amplitude in simple geometrical patterns that is perceived to be unskewed, was used to quantify the aftereffect of each adapting skew direction. The PSE, in a two-alternative forced choice paradigm, shifted toward the adapting skew direction. Moreover, significant adaptation aftereffects were obtained not only at adapted, but also at non-adapted retinal locations during fixation. Skew adaptation information was transferred partially to non-adapted retinal locations. Thus, adaptation to skewed natural scenes induces coordinated plasticity in lower and higher cortical areas of the visual pathway.