Open Access Publications
From research on the visual systems of turtles, to the perception of faces with or without makeup, to transaccadic perception and perceptual cycles in the brain– VPixx hardware and software solutions have supported research in vision science and beyond for over 20 years. We are immensely proud of the discoveries and accomplishments of our customers across the world.
On this page you will find a non-exhaustive list of peer-reviewed, open access publications citing VPixx tools dating back to 2003. Browse the list or use the tag filter to search for specific products. Note that we report the device used in the paper according to the authors; this may not accurately reflect the specific model of device used (e.g., VIEWPixx vs. VIEWPixx /3D). Nor do we guarantee the accuracy of published content. Please contact our team at [email protected] if you have any questions about a specific paper.
Curious about a specific application of our tools? Can’t find what you are looking for? Our staff scientists are happy to discuss paradigms and protocols using our equipment by email or video chat. Please contact us with your questions.
Want to have your work added to our library? Send us a message at [email protected] and we will add it. Your article must be peer-reviewed, open access, and it must indicate VPixx products were used in the research.
Use the search tool below to search for specific terms among the titles, authors and abstracts in our library.
1.
Marijan, Aleksandra; Mestre, Clara; Candy, T Rowan; Bonnen, Kathryn
The Role of Prediction During Continuous Visual Tracking in 3D Environments Journal Article
In: Journal of Vision, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 5601, 2023, ISSN: 1534-7362.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{marijan_role_2023,
title = {The Role of Prediction During Continuous Visual Tracking in 3D Environments},
author = {Aleksandra Marijan and Clara Mestre and T Rowan Candy and Kathryn Bonnen},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.23.9.5601},
doi = {10.1167/jov.23.9.5601},
issn = {1534-7362},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-08-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {23},
number = {9},
pages = {5601},
abstract = {In everyday life, prediction plays a critical role in ocular motor target tracking. The ocular motor system employs a mixture of saccades and smooth pursuit across version and vergence eye movements to successfully follow objects as they move in the world. However, these eye movements are most often studied in isolation, saccades separate from smooth pursuit, version separate from vergence. Here we examined the perception/prediction of motion trajectories and how different types of eye movements are employed to coordinate the ocular motor tracking of those targets. Eye movements were recorded with an Eyelink 1000 (SR Research) at 500 Hz. The stimuli were presented using a PROPixx projector (VPixx Technologies) and an active circular polarizer, with subjects wearing passive circular polarizing glasses. The screen was set at a viewing distance of 70 cm. Cartoon images of angular size 2.2° moved with horizontal trajectories (initiating version eye movements) or motion-in-depth trajectories (initiating convergence and divergence). The motion trajectories in the predictable condition were sinusoids of varying amplitudes (5, 10 and 20 cm) and temporal frequencies (.25, .5, and 1 Hz). The unpredictable trajectories were smoothed Brownian random walks in position (sigma = 0.1 cm, 0.2 cm, and 0.3 cm). We measured the number of saccades across all conditions. In the horizontal motion condition, there were systematic increases in the number of saccades with increasing trajectory amplitudes and temporal frequency. For the motion-in-depth condition, participants made similar numbers of saccades regardless of the trajectory amplitude and frequency. There were no consistent differences between saccade behavior in the predictable vs. unpredictable conditions. A cross-correlogram analysis of the unpredictable trajectory condition revealed a longer latency (µ=77ms},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In everyday life, prediction plays a critical role in ocular motor target tracking. The ocular motor system employs a mixture of saccades and smooth pursuit across version and vergence eye movements to successfully follow objects as they move in the world. However, these eye movements are most often studied in isolation, saccades separate from smooth pursuit, version separate from vergence. Here we examined the perception/prediction of motion trajectories and how different types of eye movements are employed to coordinate the ocular motor tracking of those targets. Eye movements were recorded with an Eyelink 1000 (SR Research) at 500 Hz. The stimuli were presented using a PROPixx projector (VPixx Technologies) and an active circular polarizer, with subjects wearing passive circular polarizing glasses. The screen was set at a viewing distance of 70 cm. Cartoon images of angular size 2.2° moved with horizontal trajectories (initiating version eye movements) or motion-in-depth trajectories (initiating convergence and divergence). The motion trajectories in the predictable condition were sinusoids of varying amplitudes (5, 10 and 20 cm) and temporal frequencies (.25, .5, and 1 Hz). The unpredictable trajectories were smoothed Brownian random walks in position (sigma = 0.1 cm, 0.2 cm, and 0.3 cm). We measured the number of saccades across all conditions. In the horizontal motion condition, there were systematic increases in the number of saccades with increasing trajectory amplitudes and temporal frequency. For the motion-in-depth condition, participants made similar numbers of saccades regardless of the trajectory amplitude and frequency. There were no consistent differences between saccade behavior in the predictable vs. unpredictable conditions. A cross-correlogram analysis of the unpredictable trajectory condition revealed a longer latency (µ=77ms
2.
Read, Jenny C. A.; Wong, Zhen Yi; Yek, Xinye; Wong, Ying Xin; Bachtoula, Omar; Llamas-Cornejo, Ichasus; Serrano-Pedraza, Ignacio
ASTEROID stereotest v1.0: lower stereo thresholds using smaller, denser and faster dots Journal Article
In: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 815–827, 2020, ISSN: 1475-1313, (_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/opo.12737).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{read_asteroid_2020,
title = {ASTEROID stereotest v1.0: lower stereo thresholds using smaller, denser and faster dots},
author = {Jenny C. A. Read and Zhen Yi Wong and Xinye Yek and Ying Xin Wong and Omar Bachtoula and Ichasus Llamas-Cornejo and Ignacio Serrano-Pedraza},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/opo.12737},
doi = {10.1111/opo.12737},
issn = {1475-1313},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2024-01-19},
journal = {Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics},
volume = {40},
number = {6},
pages = {815–827},
abstract = {Purpose In 2019, we described ASTEROID, a new stereotest run on a 3D tablet computer which involves a four-alternative disparity detection task on a dynamic random-dot stereogram. Stereo thresholds measured with ASTEROID were well correlated with, but systematically higher than (by a factor of around 1.5), thresholds measured with previous laboratory stereotests or the Randot Preschool clinical stereotest. We speculated that this might be due to the relatively large, sparse dots used in ASTEROID v0.9. Here, we introduce and test the stereo thresholds and test-repeatability of the new ASTEROID v1.0, which uses precomputed images to allow stereograms made up of much smaller, denser dots. Methods Stereo thresholds and test/retest repeatability were tested and compared between the old and new versions of ASTEROID (n = 75) and the Randot Circles (n = 31) stereotest, in healthy young adults. Results Thresholds on ASTEROID v1.0 are lower (better) than on ASTEROID v0.9 by a factor of 1.4, and do not differ significantly from thresholds on the Randot Circles. Thresholds were roughly log-normally distributed with a mean of 1.54 log10 arcsec (35 arcsec) on ASTEROID v1.0 compared to 1.70 log10 arcsec (50 arcsec) on ASTEROID v0.9. The standard deviation between observers was the same for both versions, 0.32 log10 arcsec, corresponding to a factor of 2 above and below the mean. There was no difference between the versions in their test/retest repeatability, with 95% coefficient of repeatability = 0.46 log10 arcsec (a factor of 2.9 or 1.5 octaves) and a Pearson correlation of 0.8 (comparable to other clinical stereotests). Conclusion The poorer stereo thresholds previously reported with ASTEROID v0.9 appear to have been due to the relatively large, coarse dots and low density used, rather than to some other aspect of the technology. Employing the small dots and high density used in ASTEROID v1.0, thresholds and test/retest repeatability are similar to other clinical stereotests.},
note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/opo.12737},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Purpose In 2019, we described ASTEROID, a new stereotest run on a 3D tablet computer which involves a four-alternative disparity detection task on a dynamic random-dot stereogram. Stereo thresholds measured with ASTEROID were well correlated with, but systematically higher than (by a factor of around 1.5), thresholds measured with previous laboratory stereotests or the Randot Preschool clinical stereotest. We speculated that this might be due to the relatively large, sparse dots used in ASTEROID v0.9. Here, we introduce and test the stereo thresholds and test-repeatability of the new ASTEROID v1.0, which uses precomputed images to allow stereograms made up of much smaller, denser dots. Methods Stereo thresholds and test/retest repeatability were tested and compared between the old and new versions of ASTEROID (n = 75) and the Randot Circles (n = 31) stereotest, in healthy young adults. Results Thresholds on ASTEROID v1.0 are lower (better) than on ASTEROID v0.9 by a factor of 1.4, and do not differ significantly from thresholds on the Randot Circles. Thresholds were roughly log-normally distributed with a mean of 1.54 log10 arcsec (35 arcsec) on ASTEROID v1.0 compared to 1.70 log10 arcsec (50 arcsec) on ASTEROID v0.9. The standard deviation between observers was the same for both versions, 0.32 log10 arcsec, corresponding to a factor of 2 above and below the mean. There was no difference between the versions in their test/retest repeatability, with 95% coefficient of repeatability = 0.46 log10 arcsec (a factor of 2.9 or 1.5 octaves) and a Pearson correlation of 0.8 (comparable to other clinical stereotests). Conclusion The poorer stereo thresholds previously reported with ASTEROID v0.9 appear to have been due to the relatively large, coarse dots and low density used, rather than to some other aspect of the technology. Employing the small dots and high density used in ASTEROID v1.0, thresholds and test/retest repeatability are similar to other clinical stereotests.
3.
Kim, Byounghoon; Kenchappa, Shobha Channabasappa; Sunkara, Adhira; Chang, Ting-Yu; Thompson, Lowell; Doudlah, Raymond; Rosenberg, Ari
Real-time experimental control using network-based parallel processing Journal Article
In: eLife, vol. 8, pp. e40231, 2019, ISSN: 2050-084X, (Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPixx, 3DPolarizer, DATAPixx, PROPixx, VIEWPixx3D
@article{kim_real-time_2019,
title = {Real-time experimental control using network-based parallel processing},
author = {Byounghoon Kim and Shobha Channabasappa Kenchappa and Adhira Sunkara and Ting-Yu Chang and Lowell Thompson and Raymond Doudlah and Ari Rosenberg},
editor = {Sacha B Nelson and Michael J Frank and Sacha B Nelson and Niraj Desai},
url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40231},
doi = {10.7554/eLife.40231},
issn = {2050-084X},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-02-01},
urldate = {2024-01-17},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {8},
pages = {e40231},
abstract = {Modern neuroscience research often requires the coordination of multiple processes such as stimulus generation, real-time experimental control, as well as behavioral and neural measurements. The technical demands required to simultaneously manage these processes with high temporal fidelity is a barrier that limits the number of labs performing such work. Here we present an open-source, network-based parallel processing framework that lowers this barrier. The Real-Time Experimental Control with Graphical User Interface (REC-GUI) framework offers multiple advantages: (i) a modular design that is agnostic to coding language(s) and operating system(s) to maximize experimental flexibility and minimize researcher effort, (ii) simple interfacing to connect multiple measurement and recording devices, (iii) high temporal fidelity by dividing task demands across CPUs, and (iv) real-time control using a fully customizable and intuitive GUI. We present applications for human, non-human primate, and rodent studies which collectively demonstrate that the REC-GUI framework facilitates technically demanding, behavior-contingent neuroscience research. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).},
note = {Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
keywords = {3DPixx, 3DPolarizer, DATAPixx, PROPixx, VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Modern neuroscience research often requires the coordination of multiple processes such as stimulus generation, real-time experimental control, as well as behavioral and neural measurements. The technical demands required to simultaneously manage these processes with high temporal fidelity is a barrier that limits the number of labs performing such work. Here we present an open-source, network-based parallel processing framework that lowers this barrier. The Real-Time Experimental Control with Graphical User Interface (REC-GUI) framework offers multiple advantages: (i) a modular design that is agnostic to coding language(s) and operating system(s) to maximize experimental flexibility and minimize researcher effort, (ii) simple interfacing to connect multiple measurement and recording devices, (iii) high temporal fidelity by dividing task demands across CPUs, and (iv) real-time control using a fully customizable and intuitive GUI. We present applications for human, non-human primate, and rodent studies which collectively demonstrate that the REC-GUI framework facilitates technically demanding, behavior-contingent neuroscience research. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
4.
Kawaguchi, Katsuhisa; Clery, Stephane; Pourriahi, Paria; Seillier, Lenka; Haefner, Ralf M.; Nienborg, Hendrikje
Differentiating between Models of Perceptual Decision Making Using Pupil Size Inferred Confidence Journal Article
In: The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 38, no. 41, pp. 8874–8888, 2018, ISSN: 0270-6474.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{kawaguchi_differentiating_2018,
title = {Differentiating between Models of Perceptual Decision Making Using Pupil Size Inferred Confidence},
author = {Katsuhisa Kawaguchi and Stephane Clery and Paria Pourriahi and Lenka Seillier and Ralf M. Haefner and Hendrikje Nienborg},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6596089/},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0735-18.2018},
issn = {0270-6474},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-01},
urldate = {2024-01-02},
journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {38},
number = {41},
pages = {8874–8888},
abstract = {During perceptual decisions, subjects often rely more strongly on early, rather than late, sensory evidence, even in tasks when both are equally informative about the correct decision. This early psychophysical weighting has been explained by an integration-to-bound decision process, in which the stimulus is ignored after the accumulated evidence reaches a certain bound, or confidence level. Here, we derive predictions about how the average temporal weighting of the evidence depends on a subject's decision confidence in this model. To test these predictions empirically, we devised a method to infer decision confidence from pupil size in 2 male monkeys performing a disparity discrimination task. Our animals' data confirmed the integration-to-bound predictions, with different internal decision bounds and different levels of correlation between pupil size and decision confidence accounting for differences between animals. However, the data were less compatible with two alternative accounts for early psychophysical weighting: attractor dynamics either within the decision area or due to feedback to sensory areas, or a feedforward account due to neuronal response adaptation. This approach also opens the door to using confidence more broadly when studying the neural basis of decision making., SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An animal's ability to adjust decisions based on its level of confidence, sometimes referred to as “metacognition,” has generated substantial interest in neuroscience. Here, we show how measurements of pupil diameter in macaques can be used to infer their confidence. This technique opens the door to more neurophysiological studies of confidence because it eliminates the need for training on behavioral paradigms to evaluate confidence. We then use this technique to test predictions from competing explanations of why subjects in perceptual decision making often rely more strongly on early evidence: the way in which the strength of this effect should depend on a subject's decision confidence. We find that a bounded decision formation process best explains our empirical data.},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
During perceptual decisions, subjects often rely more strongly on early, rather than late, sensory evidence, even in tasks when both are equally informative about the correct decision. This early psychophysical weighting has been explained by an integration-to-bound decision process, in which the stimulus is ignored after the accumulated evidence reaches a certain bound, or confidence level. Here, we derive predictions about how the average temporal weighting of the evidence depends on a subject's decision confidence in this model. To test these predictions empirically, we devised a method to infer decision confidence from pupil size in 2 male monkeys performing a disparity discrimination task. Our animals' data confirmed the integration-to-bound predictions, with different internal decision bounds and different levels of correlation between pupil size and decision confidence accounting for differences between animals. However, the data were less compatible with two alternative accounts for early psychophysical weighting: attractor dynamics either within the decision area or due to feedback to sensory areas, or a feedforward account due to neuronal response adaptation. This approach also opens the door to using confidence more broadly when studying the neural basis of decision making., SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An animal's ability to adjust decisions based on its level of confidence, sometimes referred to as “metacognition,” has generated substantial interest in neuroscience. Here, we show how measurements of pupil diameter in macaques can be used to infer their confidence. This technique opens the door to more neurophysiological studies of confidence because it eliminates the need for training on behavioral paradigms to evaluate confidence. We then use this technique to test predictions from competing explanations of why subjects in perceptual decision making often rely more strongly on early evidence: the way in which the strength of this effect should depend on a subject's decision confidence. We find that a bounded decision formation process best explains our empirical data.
5.
Keezing, Umi; Durgin, Frank H.
Do Explicit Estimates of Angular Declination Become Ungrounded in the Presence of a Ground Plane? Journal Article
In: i-Perception, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 2041669518808536, 2018, ISSN: 2041-6695.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{keezing_explicit_2018,
title = {Do Explicit Estimates of Angular Declination Become Ungrounded in the Presence of a Ground Plane?},
author = {Umi Keezing and Frank H. Durgin},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207978/},
doi = {10.1177/2041669518808536},
issn = {2041-6695},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-01},
urldate = {2024-01-02},
journal = {i-Perception},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {2041669518808536},
abstract = {In a series of seven experiments (total N = 220), it is shown that explicit angular declination judgments are influenced by the presence of a ground plane in the background. This is of theoretical importance because it bears on the interpretation of the relationship between angular declination and perceived distance on a ground plane. Explicit estimates of ground distance are consistent with a simple 1.5 gain in the underlying perceived angular declination function. The experiments show that, in general, functions of estimates of perceived angular declination have a slope of 1.5, but that an additional intercept can often be observed as a result of incorporating changes in ground distance into reports of changes in angular declination. By varying the background context, a variety of functions were observed that are consistent with this contamination hypothesis.},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In a series of seven experiments (total N = 220), it is shown that explicit angular declination judgments are influenced by the presence of a ground plane in the background. This is of theoretical importance because it bears on the interpretation of the relationship between angular declination and perceived distance on a ground plane. Explicit estimates of ground distance are consistent with a simple 1.5 gain in the underlying perceived angular declination function. The experiments show that, in general, functions of estimates of perceived angular declination have a slope of 1.5, but that an additional intercept can often be observed as a result of incorporating changes in ground distance into reports of changes in angular declination. By varying the background context, a variety of functions were observed that are consistent with this contamination hypothesis.
6.
Wykes, Katie M.; Hugrass, Laila; Crewther, David P.
Autistic Traits Are Not a Strong Predictor of Binocular Rivalry Dynamics Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol. 12, pp. 338, 2018, ISSN: 1662-4548.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx, VPixxProgram
@article{wykes_autistic_2018,
title = {Autistic Traits Are Not a Strong Predictor of Binocular Rivalry Dynamics},
author = {Katie M. Wykes and Laila Hugrass and David P. Crewther},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967175/},
doi = {10.3389/fnins.2018.00338},
issn = {1662-4548},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-01},
urldate = {2023-12-21},
journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
volume = {12},
pages = {338},
abstract = {It has been suggested that differences in binocular rivalry switching rates and mixed percept durations in ASD could serve as a biomarker of excitation/inhibition imbalances in the autistic brain. If so, one would expect these differences to extend to neurotypical groups with high vs. low levels of autistic tendency. Previous studies did not detect any correlations between binocular rivalry dynamics and Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) scores in neurotypical control groups; however it is unclear whether this was due to the characteristics of the rivalry stimuli that were used. We further investigated this possibility in a sample of neurotypical young adults. The binocular rivalry stimuli were simple gratings, complex objects, or scrambled objects, which were presented dichoptically, either at fixation or in the periphery. A Bayesian correlation analysis showed that individuals with higher AQ scores tended to have lower perceptual switching rates for the centrally presented, simple grating rival stimuli. However, there was no evidence of a relationship between AQ and switching rates, reversal rates or mixed percept durations for any of the other binocular rivalry conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that in the non-clinical population, autistic personality traits are not a strong predictor of binocular rivalry dynamics.},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx, VPixxProgram},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
It has been suggested that differences in binocular rivalry switching rates and mixed percept durations in ASD could serve as a biomarker of excitation/inhibition imbalances in the autistic brain. If so, one would expect these differences to extend to neurotypical groups with high vs. low levels of autistic tendency. Previous studies did not detect any correlations between binocular rivalry dynamics and Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) scores in neurotypical control groups; however it is unclear whether this was due to the characteristics of the rivalry stimuli that were used. We further investigated this possibility in a sample of neurotypical young adults. The binocular rivalry stimuli were simple gratings, complex objects, or scrambled objects, which were presented dichoptically, either at fixation or in the periphery. A Bayesian correlation analysis showed that individuals with higher AQ scores tended to have lower perceptual switching rates for the centrally presented, simple grating rival stimuli. However, there was no evidence of a relationship between AQ and switching rates, reversal rates or mixed percept durations for any of the other binocular rivalry conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that in the non-clinical population, autistic personality traits are not a strong predictor of binocular rivalry dynamics.
7.
Durgin, Frank H.; Keezing, Umi I.
Differential Angular Expansion in Perceived Direction in Azimuth and Elevation Are Yoked to the Presence of a Perceived Ground Plane Journal Article
In: Vision, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 17, 2018, ISSN: 2411-5150.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{durgin_differential_2018,
title = {Differential Angular Expansion in Perceived Direction in Azimuth and Elevation Are Yoked to the Presence of a Perceived Ground Plane},
author = {Frank H. Durgin and Umi I. Keezing},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6835845/},
doi = {10.3390/vision2020017},
issn = {2411-5150},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-01},
urldate = {2024-01-02},
journal = {Vision},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {17},
abstract = {It has been proposed that perceived angular direction relative to straight-ahead is exaggerated in perception, and that this exaggeration is greater in elevation (or declination) than in azimuth. Prior research has suggested that exaggerations in elevation may be tied to the presence of a visual ground plane, but there have been mixed results across studies using different methods of dissociation. In the present study, virtual environments were used to dissociate visual from gravitational upright while human participants (N = 128) made explicit angular direction judgments relative to straight ahead. Across these experimental manipulations, observers were positioned either upright (Experiments 1A and 1B) or sideways (Experiment 2), so as to additionally dissociate bodily orientation from gravitational orientation. In conditions in which a virtual environment was perceived as containing a level ground plane, large-scale exaggerations consistent with the visually-specified orientation of the ground plane were observed. In the absence of the perception of a level ground plane, angular exaggerations were relatively small. The ground plane serves as an important reference frame for angular expansion in the perceived visual direction.},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
It has been proposed that perceived angular direction relative to straight-ahead is exaggerated in perception, and that this exaggeration is greater in elevation (or declination) than in azimuth. Prior research has suggested that exaggerations in elevation may be tied to the presence of a visual ground plane, but there have been mixed results across studies using different methods of dissociation. In the present study, virtual environments were used to dissociate visual from gravitational upright while human participants (N = 128) made explicit angular direction judgments relative to straight ahead. Across these experimental manipulations, observers were positioned either upright (Experiments 1A and 1B) or sideways (Experiment 2), so as to additionally dissociate bodily orientation from gravitational orientation. In conditions in which a virtual environment was perceived as containing a level ground plane, large-scale exaggerations consistent with the visually-specified orientation of the ground plane were observed. In the absence of the perception of a level ground plane, angular exaggerations were relatively small. The ground plane serves as an important reference frame for angular expansion in the perceived visual direction.
8.
Kim, Seha; Burge, Johannes
The lawful imprecision of human surface tilt estimation in natural scenes Journal Article
In: eLife, vol. 7, pp. e31448, 2018, ISSN: 2050-084X, (Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{kim_lawful_2018,
title = {The lawful imprecision of human surface tilt estimation in natural scenes},
author = {Seha Kim and Johannes Burge},
editor = {Jack L Gallant},
url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31448},
doi = {10.7554/eLife.31448},
issn = {2050-084X},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2024-01-18},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {7},
pages = {e31448},
abstract = {Estimating local surface orientation (slant and tilt) is fundamental to recovering the three-dimensional structure of the environment. It is unknown how well humans perform this task in natural scenes. Here, with a database of natural stereo-images having groundtruth surface orientation at each pixel, we find dramatic differences in human tilt estimation with natural and artificial stimuli. Estimates are precise and unbiased with artificial stimuli and imprecise and strongly biased with natural stimuli. An image-computable Bayes optimal model grounded in natural scene statistics predicts human bias, precision, and trial-by-trial errors without fitting parameters to the human data. The similarities between human and model performance suggest that the complex human performance patterns with natural stimuli are lawful, and that human visual systems have internalized local image and scene statistics to optimally infer the three-dimensional structure of the environment. These results generalize our understanding of vision from the lab to the real world.},
note = {Publisher: eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Estimating local surface orientation (slant and tilt) is fundamental to recovering the three-dimensional structure of the environment. It is unknown how well humans perform this task in natural scenes. Here, with a database of natural stereo-images having groundtruth surface orientation at each pixel, we find dramatic differences in human tilt estimation with natural and artificial stimuli. Estimates are precise and unbiased with artificial stimuli and imprecise and strongly biased with natural stimuli. An image-computable Bayes optimal model grounded in natural scene statistics predicts human bias, precision, and trial-by-trial errors without fitting parameters to the human data. The similarities between human and model performance suggest that the complex human performance patterns with natural stimuli are lawful, and that human visual systems have internalized local image and scene statistics to optimally infer the three-dimensional structure of the environment. These results generalize our understanding of vision from the lab to the real world.
9.
Seillier, Lenka; Lorenz, Corinna; Kawaguchi, Katsuhisa; Ott, Torben; Nieder, Andreas; Pourriahi, Paria; Nienborg, Hendrikje
Serotonin Decreases the Gain of Visual Responses in Awake Macaque V1 Journal Article
In: Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 37, no. 47, pp. 11390–11405, 2017, ISSN: 0270-6474, 1529-2401, (Publisher: Society for Neuroscience Section: Research Articles).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{seillier_serotonin_2017,
title = {Serotonin Decreases the Gain of Visual Responses in Awake Macaque V1},
author = {Lenka Seillier and Corinna Lorenz and Katsuhisa Kawaguchi and Torben Ott and Andreas Nieder and Paria Pourriahi and Hendrikje Nienborg},
url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/37/47/11390},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1339-17.2017},
issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-11-01},
urldate = {2024-01-17},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {37},
number = {47},
pages = {11390–11405},
abstract = {Serotonin, an important neuromodulator in the brain, is implicated in affective and cognitive functions. However, its role even for basic cortical processes is controversial. For example, in the mammalian primary visual cortex (V1), heterogenous serotonergic modulation has been observed in anesthetized animals. Here, we combined extracellular single-unit recordings with iontophoresis in awake animals. We examined the role of serotonin on well-defined tuning properties (orientation, spatial frequency, contrast, and size) in V1 of two male macaque monkeys. We find that in the awake macaque the modulatory effect of serotonin is surprisingly uniform: it causes a mainly multiplicative decrease of the visual responses and a slight increase in the stimulus-selective response latency. Moreover, serotonin neither systematically changes the selectivity or variability of the response, nor the interneuronal correlation unexplained by the stimulus (“noise-correlation”). The modulation by serotonin has qualitative similarities with that for a decrease in stimulus contrast, but differs quantitatively from decreasing contrast. It can be captured by a simple additive change to a threshold-linear spiking nonlinearity. Together, our results show that serotonin is well suited to control the response gain of neurons in V1 depending on the animal's behavioral or motivational context, complementing other known state-dependent gain-control mechanisms.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Serotonin is an important neuromodulator in the brain and a major target for drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, surprisingly little is known about how it shapes information processing in sensory areas. Here we examined the serotonergic modulation of visual processing in the primary visual cortex of awake behaving macaque monkeys. We found that serotonin mainly decreased the gain of the visual responses, without systematically changing their selectivity, variability, or covariability. This identifies a simple computational function of serotonin for state-dependent sensory processing, depending on the animal's affective or motivational state.},
note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Research Articles},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Serotonin, an important neuromodulator in the brain, is implicated in affective and cognitive functions. However, its role even for basic cortical processes is controversial. For example, in the mammalian primary visual cortex (V1), heterogenous serotonergic modulation has been observed in anesthetized animals. Here, we combined extracellular single-unit recordings with iontophoresis in awake animals. We examined the role of serotonin on well-defined tuning properties (orientation, spatial frequency, contrast, and size) in V1 of two male macaque monkeys. We find that in the awake macaque the modulatory effect of serotonin is surprisingly uniform: it causes a mainly multiplicative decrease of the visual responses and a slight increase in the stimulus-selective response latency. Moreover, serotonin neither systematically changes the selectivity or variability of the response, nor the interneuronal correlation unexplained by the stimulus (“noise-correlation”). The modulation by serotonin has qualitative similarities with that for a decrease in stimulus contrast, but differs quantitatively from decreasing contrast. It can be captured by a simple additive change to a threshold-linear spiking nonlinearity. Together, our results show that serotonin is well suited to control the response gain of neurons in V1 depending on the animal's behavioral or motivational context, complementing other known state-dependent gain-control mechanisms.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Serotonin is an important neuromodulator in the brain and a major target for drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, surprisingly little is known about how it shapes information processing in sensory areas. Here we examined the serotonergic modulation of visual processing in the primary visual cortex of awake behaving macaque monkeys. We found that serotonin mainly decreased the gain of the visual responses, without systematically changing their selectivity, variability, or covariability. This identifies a simple computational function of serotonin for state-dependent sensory processing, depending on the animal's affective or motivational state.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Serotonin is an important neuromodulator in the brain and a major target for drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, surprisingly little is known about how it shapes information processing in sensory areas. Here we examined the serotonergic modulation of visual processing in the primary visual cortex of awake behaving macaque monkeys. We found that serotonin mainly decreased the gain of the visual responses, without systematically changing their selectivity, variability, or covariability. This identifies a simple computational function of serotonin for state-dependent sensory processing, depending on the animal's affective or motivational state.
10.
Baker, Daniel H.; Kaestner, Milena; Gouws, André D.
Measurement of crosstalk in stereoscopic display systems used for vision research Journal Article
In: Journal of Vision, vol. 16, no. 15, pp. 14, 2016, ISSN: 1534-7362.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPixx, 3DPolarizer, PROPixx, VIEWPixx3D
@article{baker_measurement_2016,
title = {Measurement of crosstalk in stereoscopic display systems used for vision research},
author = {Daniel H. Baker and Milena Kaestner and André D. Gouws},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1167/16.15.14},
doi = {10.1167/16.15.14},
issn = {1534-7362},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-12-01},
urldate = {2024-01-12},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
volume = {16},
number = {15},
pages = {14},
abstract = {Studying binocular vision requires precise control over the stimuli presented to the left and right eyes. A popular technique is to segregate signals either temporally (frame interleaving), spectrally (using colored filters), or through light polarization. None of these segregation methods achieves perfect isolation, and so a degree of crosstalk is usually apparent, in which signals intended for one eye are faintly visible to the other eye. Previous studies have reported crosstalk values mostly for consumer-grade systems. Here we measure crosstalk for eight systems, many of which are intended for use in vision research. We provide benchmark crosstalk values, report a negative crosstalk effect in some LCD-based systems, and give guidelines for dealing with crosstalk in different experimental paradigms.},
keywords = {3DPixx, 3DPolarizer, PROPixx, VIEWPixx3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Studying binocular vision requires precise control over the stimuli presented to the left and right eyes. A popular technique is to segregate signals either temporally (frame interleaving), spectrally (using colored filters), or through light polarization. None of these segregation methods achieves perfect isolation, and so a degree of crosstalk is usually apparent, in which signals intended for one eye are faintly visible to the other eye. Previous studies have reported crosstalk values mostly for consumer-grade systems. Here we measure crosstalk for eight systems, many of which are intended for use in vision research. We provide benchmark crosstalk values, report a negative crosstalk effect in some LCD-based systems, and give guidelines for dealing with crosstalk in different experimental paradigms.
11.
Joo, Sung Jun; Czuba, Thaddeus B.; Cormack, Lawrence K.; Huk, Alexander C.
Separate Perceptual and Neural Processing of Velocity- and Disparity-Based 3D Motion Signals Journal Article
In: Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 36, no. 42, pp. 10791–10802, 2016, ISSN: 0270-6474, 1529-2401, (Publisher: Society for Neuroscience Section: Research Articles).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx
@article{joo_separate_2016,
title = {Separate Perceptual and Neural Processing of Velocity- and Disparity-Based 3D Motion Signals},
author = {Sung Jun Joo and Thaddeus B. Czuba and Lawrence K. Cormack and Alexander C. Huk},
url = {https://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/42/10791},
doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1298-16.2016},
issn = {0270-6474, 1529-2401},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-10-01},
urldate = {2024-01-17},
journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {36},
number = {42},
pages = {10791–10802},
abstract = {Although the visual system uses both velocity- and disparity-based binocular information for computing 3D motion, it is unknown whether (and how) these two signals interact. We found that these two binocular signals are processed distinctly at the levels of both cortical activity in human MT and perception. In human MT, adaptation to both velocity-based and disparity-based 3D motions demonstrated direction-selective neuroimaging responses. However, when adaptation to one cue was probed using the other cue, there was no evidence of interaction between them (i.e., there was no “cross-cue” adaptation). Analogous psychophysical measurements yielded correspondingly weak cross-cue motion aftereffects (MAEs) in the face of very strong within-cue adaptation. In a direct test of perceptual independence, adapting to opposite 3D directions generated by different binocular cues resulted in simultaneous, superimposed, opposite-direction MAEs. These findings suggest that velocity- and disparity-based 3D motion signals may both flow through area MT but constitute distinct signals and pathways.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent human neuroimaging and monkey electrophysiology have revealed 3D motion selectivity in area MT, which is driven by both velocity-based and disparity-based 3D motion signals. However, to elucidate the neural mechanisms by which the brain extracts 3D motion given these binocular signals, it is essential to understand how—or indeed if—these two binocular cues interact. We show that velocity-based and disparity-based signals are mostly separate at the levels of both fMRI responses in area MT and perception. Our findings suggest that the two binocular cues for 3D motion might be processed by separate specialized mechanisms.},
note = {Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Section: Research Articles},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Although the visual system uses both velocity- and disparity-based binocular information for computing 3D motion, it is unknown whether (and how) these two signals interact. We found that these two binocular signals are processed distinctly at the levels of both cortical activity in human MT and perception. In human MT, adaptation to both velocity-based and disparity-based 3D motions demonstrated direction-selective neuroimaging responses. However, when adaptation to one cue was probed using the other cue, there was no evidence of interaction between them (i.e., there was no “cross-cue” adaptation). Analogous psychophysical measurements yielded correspondingly weak cross-cue motion aftereffects (MAEs) in the face of very strong within-cue adaptation. In a direct test of perceptual independence, adapting to opposite 3D directions generated by different binocular cues resulted in simultaneous, superimposed, opposite-direction MAEs. These findings suggest that velocity- and disparity-based 3D motion signals may both flow through area MT but constitute distinct signals and pathways.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent human neuroimaging and monkey electrophysiology have revealed 3D motion selectivity in area MT, which is driven by both velocity-based and disparity-based 3D motion signals. However, to elucidate the neural mechanisms by which the brain extracts 3D motion given these binocular signals, it is essential to understand how—or indeed if—these two binocular cues interact. We show that velocity-based and disparity-based signals are mostly separate at the levels of both fMRI responses in area MT and perception. Our findings suggest that the two binocular cues for 3D motion might be processed by separate specialized mechanisms.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent human neuroimaging and monkey electrophysiology have revealed 3D motion selectivity in area MT, which is driven by both velocity-based and disparity-based 3D motion signals. However, to elucidate the neural mechanisms by which the brain extracts 3D motion given these binocular signals, it is essential to understand how—or indeed if—these two binocular cues interact. We show that velocity-based and disparity-based signals are mostly separate at the levels of both fMRI responses in area MT and perception. Our findings suggest that the two binocular cues for 3D motion might be processed by separate specialized mechanisms.
12.
Llamas-Cornejo, Ichasus; Peterzell, David H.; Serrano-Pedraza, Ignacio
Temporal mechanisms in frontoparallel stereomotion revealed by individual differences analysis Journal Article
In: European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. n/a, no. n/a, 0000, ISSN: 1460-9568, (_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ejn.16342).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3DPolarizer, PROPixx, RB3D
@article{llamas-cornejo_temporal_nodate,
title = {Temporal mechanisms in frontoparallel stereomotion revealed by individual differences analysis},
author = {Ichasus Llamas-Cornejo and David H. Peterzell and Ignacio Serrano-Pedraza},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ejn.16342},
doi = {10.1111/ejn.16342},
issn = {1460-9568},
urldate = {2024-05-09},
journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {n/a},
number = {n/a},
abstract = {Masking experiments, using vertical and horizontal sinusoidal depth corrugations, have suggested the existence of more than two spatial-frequency disparity mechanisms. This result was confirmed through an individual differences approach. Here, using factor analytic techniques, we want to investigate the existence of independent temporal mechanisms in frontoparallel stereoscopic (cyclopean) motion. To construct stereomotion, we used sinusoidal depth corrugations obtained with dynamic random-dot stereograms. Thus, no luminance motion was present monocularly. We measured disparity thresholds for drifting vertical (up-down) and horizontal (left-right) sinusoidal corrugations of 0.4 cyc/deg at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Hz. In total, we tested 34 participants. Results showed a small orientation anisotropy with lower thresholds for horizontal corrugations. Disparity thresholds as a function of temporal frequency were almost constant from 0.25 up to 1 Hz, and then they increased monotonically. Principal component analysis uncovered two significant factors for vertical and two for horizontal corrugations. Varimax rotation showed that one factor loaded from 0.25 to 1–2 Hz and a second factor from 2 to 4 to 8 Hz. Direct Oblimin rotation indicated a moderate intercorrelation of both factors. Our results suggest the possible existence of two somewhat interdependent temporal mechanisms involved in frontoparallel stereomotion.},
note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ejn.16342},
keywords = {3DPolarizer, PROPixx, RB3D},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Masking experiments, using vertical and horizontal sinusoidal depth corrugations, have suggested the existence of more than two spatial-frequency disparity mechanisms. This result was confirmed through an individual differences approach. Here, using factor analytic techniques, we want to investigate the existence of independent temporal mechanisms in frontoparallel stereoscopic (cyclopean) motion. To construct stereomotion, we used sinusoidal depth corrugations obtained with dynamic random-dot stereograms. Thus, no luminance motion was present monocularly. We measured disparity thresholds for drifting vertical (up-down) and horizontal (left-right) sinusoidal corrugations of 0.4 cyc/deg at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Hz. In total, we tested 34 participants. Results showed a small orientation anisotropy with lower thresholds for horizontal corrugations. Disparity thresholds as a function of temporal frequency were almost constant from 0.25 up to 1 Hz, and then they increased monotonically. Principal component analysis uncovered two significant factors for vertical and two for horizontal corrugations. Varimax rotation showed that one factor loaded from 0.25 to 1–2 Hz and a second factor from 2 to 4 to 8 Hz. Direct Oblimin rotation indicated a moderate intercorrelation of both factors. Our results suggest the possible existence of two somewhat interdependent temporal mechanisms involved in frontoparallel stereomotion.